Mumtaz Agriculture  Farm

Mango  Kinnow trees Multan Pakistan

        kinnow( mandarin)  

         Kinnow the Easy Peelers  Kinnow.PDF files

Mumtaz Agriculture  Farm

Located by the side of the World-Famous Oldest living city (Multan)

Mandarin (Kinnow)-Growing Region of Pakistan!

One kinnow provides sufficient Vitamin C to fulfill your need for a day.

Vitamin A .=(%RDA).3%. Vitamin C =130% Calcium=4% . Phosphorous=3%. Iron=4%

 Our kinnow Farm is about 20 miles east of Multan near to Lahore /Multan high way .  Mumtaz Agriculture Farm landscape is to enjoy Kinnow (Mandarin) and Mango trees dark, evergreen foliage, fragrant blossoms and colorful and delicious fruit.

  KINNOW :  Generaspeice: Citrus reticulata Blanco.  Synonyms: Kinnow. Tangerine This variety is the result of a crossing whose relative female was Citrus nobilis Lour. ' King ', the male relative was Citrus deliciosa Ten. ' Willow leaf'. It was prospected by Howard B Frost working for ' California Citrus Exp. Sta.' in 1925.  Citrus cultivars has become the dominant Citrus fruit of Pakistan. From an area of about two million hectares under Citrus plantation, over two million tons of Citrus fruit is produced annually. The share of Punjab in total production of Citrus is about 95%. Over 70% of total Citrus production is  Kinnow. Nearly 90% of the total World Kinnow is produce is grown in Pakistan as a nation produces about 8 per cent of the world's citrus fruits.

Hybrids Name  (Citrus reticulata Blanco paradisi Macf.) Super Oranges Pakistani mandarins  ( Kinnow )All citrus trees require deep soil having both good surface and internal drainage. Most Kinnow grows well in a soil pH range from 6 to 7.5. Avoid soils that have a  excessively salty, as citrus trees will not grow  well in such soils. Growth and production of citrus under other trees (mango ) is not entirely satisfactory. Citrus requires full sunlight for optimum growth and production. As we have mango and kinnow mix trees(75 kinnows&25 Mangoes per archer ) we have problems with pruning and  tree size control. Sour orange, the most common root stock  In Multan . T-budded onto a seedling rootstock several  inches above the soil line.   The rootstock of a budded tree includes all roots and the lower few  inches of the trunk. Best results come from planting during early autumn, the tree can establish before the onset of cold winter temperatures. After planting  field water them regularly till new growth. Do not apply fertilizer until the tree begins new growth after planting. Fertilize monthly through October. Scatter fertilizer on the ground at  least a foot  from the tree trunk and promptly water it in thoroughly.  Good weed control is essential for rapid establishment and vigorous growth of young citrus trees. Eliminate all existing weeds for several feet around  the tree. As the spread of the tree increases, widen the grass-free area beyond the tree canopy or drip-line. Weed control can be accomplished by mechanical means such as hoeing. Organic mulches are not recommended for citrus trees because of the  potential for inducing foot rot disease. If mulches are used, keep at least 12 inches of bare ground between the tree trunk and the mulch .Herbicides such as Roundup (TM) and Kleenup (TM) are excellent for control of existing weeds and pre-emergent herbicides may be used to prevent weed .Most of the field we use tractor with cultivator to remove the weeds. If needed  tractor with rote water. Under the mango trees hoeing is down manly more then 4 time in a year specially after the application of chemical fertilizer and farm yards manure .We have use Round up in some field to get red of weeds and found useful.

   Care of Established Kinnow Trees is best done by regular field monitoring . Kinnow tree performs best in the range between 60° and 86°F. To maintain good growth and vigor to maximize the production of quality fruit. 1. irrigation 2.fertilization 3.weed and grass control 5.Pruning 6. Pest control is necessary  to produce bright, clean fruit, and  to maintain tree health and vigor. Flood irrigation should be avoided. Flood irrigation one archer at one time is the usual method of irrigation on my farm. which consumes irrigation water nearly double of what drip irrigation consumes. On yearly basis a minimum of 50% saving of irrigation water can be done by drip irrigation. Farmyard manure must be well rotted before it is applied on to the soil. It is possible to over manure, so use little often rather  than a lot at one time of the year. Air and water are needed to break down the plant material. During this process heat is produced which will destroy weeds  and  disease spores. In a very wet season cover the heap or composer with polythene to prevent the materials getting  water logged. We cover it with silt. The fertilizer may be applied at two time for the year, First in February  2/3.Secend in august 1/3.  Air temperatures below -2'C can damage citrus if soil conditions are  dry. Temperatures over 37'C, although citrus can tolerate very high temperatures for short periods of time without any permanent damage. the maximum temperature exceeds 45'C for a few days without economic damage to trees. application is to spread the fertilizer uniformly  on the soil surface under the tree canopy and slightly beyond and water it in thoroughly. Control weeds and grass beneath citrus trees to reduce   competition for fertilizer and water. Also, weeds and grass may  harbor pests which can affect the fruit or trees. Excessive bearing in some orchards leading to decline or alternat bearing of fruit .

 Kinnow trees are pruned primarily to control tree size and to remove dead, diseased or damaged wood. Monitor and control outbreaks of pests or diseases which affect tree vigor, as reduced vigor results in reduced production. Aphids, mites, scales and  whiteflies . Citrus trees are pruned in order to allow air circulation and access under trees (skirt pruning), to remove or shorten water shoots to prevent them from becoming too dominant, to allow light penetration into the canopy and  to prevent crowding of main scaffold branches , to remove branches which cross. and to increase fruit size and to prevent fruit damage due to limb rubbing. Avoid over pruning. The leaves are the manufacturing part of the plant - removing too much of the canopy will reduce tree growth and crops. Citrus bark burns easily if over exposed to the sun. Typical Kinnow trees go through three  periods of fruit drop. First is the drop of about 60 to 70 percent of the flowers during and immediately  following bloom. The second drop occurs a couple of weeks later, involving small fruit of pea-size to marble-size. The third drop occurs in late August , A few fruit on Kinnow will continue to drop through final harvest, but that is normal and cannot be prevented. Kinnow  fruits generally store well on the tree; some fruit drop does occur but usually  is compensated by increased size of the remaining fruit. Kinnow should be harvested during their season  December to  March. In Multan at my Farm, Kinnow bloom in February March.  reach maturity in December-February and goes up to end  of April . using  ladders The pickers dump the fruit  at one place then graded and load on to large open pickups for marketing .   we are committed to supplying  the most  progressive and demanding markets in Pakistan with quality fruit grown to our standards of excellence,  emphasizing superior taste and  food safety.  Kinnow prevent cancer, heart disease,  and birth defects as  well as  contribute to a balanced and healthy life style .An excellent source of Vitamin C ,Cholesterol Free,  An excellent source of fiber, A  source of folate, Fat Free ,Sodium Free .Enjoy a Fresh Kinnow  today.

Dying of kinnow trees: As after the kinnow tree leaf reach its maximum size it wait for the signal to transfer food from the  cell to the developing plant new tissues ( organs). Hormones that are  primarily involved in transferring photosynthetic (Ausins. IAA) which signal direction of food flow . For fruit it send stronger signals, For leaves have next stronger signal and for the root have the weakest signal. That is why roots start to die if more fruit is on the tree .I have seen on my farm if young kinnow plant up to the height of approximately 6ft. or above 4 year in field and have abundant fruit the plant dye if fruit thing is not down.If leves are dyeing before its full age it may be due to root not producing hormone cytakinin in good quintet's to control photosynthates discharge. if fast causing early dying of leaves. Root stress can be minimize if we know natural cycle.

 Fertilizer: The whole Kinnow fruit contained 0.24% N, 0.027% P and 0.197% K. The one ton Kinnow fruit is estimated to remove 0.24 kg N, 0.27 kg P and 1.97 kg K from the soil annually which works out to be 96.0 kg of N, 10.8 kg of P and 78.8 kg of N ha-1 as a yield of 40 tons ha-1 is common .fruit contained 0.071% N, 0.017% P and 0.015% K on fresh weight basis. The pruning wood of bar had 0.014% N, 0.08% P and 0.28% K. Annual removal by fruit is estimated to be 25.56 kg N, 6.12 kg P and 54.00 kg of K ha-1 and by pruning wood 14.36 kg N, 8.21 kg P and 28.73 kg K ha-1 annually by an orchard yielding 36 ton ha-1 fruit and 10.26 ton ha-1 pruned wood.

Tree require, from a nutritional stand point, a well balanced diet applied in the right proportions at susceptible to  diseases and insect attacks and will become sick and possibly die prematurely. Unhealthy weaker plants with low BRIX (sugar) readings  are more prone to disease and insect attacks than  that of healthy plants. Low grade NPK fertilizer application can weaken a plants immune  system  resulting in a lower survival rate during stressful conditions, such as

Weed management : Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, light  and water, resulting in stressed plants and poor fruit quality and yield. Stressed crops are  more susceptible to disease ,  Excessive weed growth  creates higher humidity in the foliage increasing disease spread and inviting  insects. Weed reduce crop production and contributing future problems through weed seed production. On my farm we spread manure around and under the trees adding weeds in that area also moving  the soil by hawing and plowing witch help weed seeds to grow. So we have to remove the weed .Use of systemic herbicides such as Round up is best to apply when weeds are less then 6 inches tall but roundup can be applied long after critical  application time and  still give good weed controle also kill underground parts of weed. (result on my farm ).  Plant basins should be covered with mulches preferably grass mulch (10 -15 kg/basin) and  It helps in conserving the soil moisture, reducing the weed intensity by 60%  in grass mulch and 100% in polyethylene mulch  also reduce the cost of cultivation. black polyethylene mulch (100 micron) throughout the growth period. The polyethylene mulch maintained 29% more soil moisture compared to un mulch trees.    Young Hasta flush should be sprayed against insect pests and diseases .Bordeaux mixture (paste) should be applied on the tree trunk immediately after the with drawl of monsoon  kinnow growers to visit their fields regularly at the time of new growth during March and observe the population build up and act at correct stage. He also commented upon the control of footrot and fruit drop and look for other serious pest underside of the leaves.

 Chemical Control of Whiteflies: Primarily attack new growth .infests the underside of the leaves sooty mold fungus , which in turn grows in the honey-dew excreted by the immature stages of the whitefly.  Chemical control of whiteflies is both expensive and increasingly difficult. If the rate of whitefly re-infestation is  great enough, the cost of effective insecticide treatments may be prohibitive. Besides the cost of treatment, other factors involved in chemical control decisions are the need for thorough coverage ,the risk of secondary pest   outbreaks , the risk of whiteflies developing insecticide resistance, and the regulatory restrictions on the use of  insecticides. These factors have to be weighed against the expected returns for a given crop at a given planting date. Many systemic and contact insecticides have been tested for control of whiteflies, but few give effective control. Currently registered systemic insecticides, such as oxamyl, have been only partially effective. Certain contact insecticide combinations, especially pyrethroids such as fenpropathrin or bifenthrin plus organo-phosphates such as acephate or metamidophos, have provided excellent control in greenhouse and field studies as long as there was thorough coverage  of the foliage. However, by exposing pest populations to two types of chemicals at once, combinations may accelerate selection for resistance to both materials .Therefore, tank mixes should be resorted to only when single applications are  not effective. Other products with contact activity, such as oils, soaps and K-salts of fatty acids, can be very effective with thorough coverage, but in field tests they are often less effective because of poor coverage. Good coverage of the foliage with contact insecticides is essential for best results. Most whiteflies are located on the undersides of leaves where they are protected from overtop applications, and the immature stages (except for the  crawle) are immobile and do not increase their exposure to insecticides by moving around the plant. Used rop nozzles where appropriate, adequate pressure, and calibrate and maintain equipment carefully. Specific insecticides should be selected according to the stage (s) of whitefly to be controlled. For example, growth regulators often control immature stages by affecting nymphal development, but do not provide good adult control. On the other hand, short residual contact insecticides may control adults, but not affect egg hatch. Whiteflies have become resistant to insecticides threatening the success of traditional chemical control techniques in other areas .The effectiveness of the insecticides could be lost if the excessively and repeatedly   applied .There are techniques for monitoring resistance to determine which insecticides are still active against whiteflies. Generally, if an insecticide treatment is properly made with sufficient coverage and yet is ineffective, then that whitefly population should be tested for resistance to the product. There is a possibility that treating a resistant whitefly population with certain insecticides could actually accelerate population growth. This could be because more eggs are laid when the insect is under biochemical stress ,orbe cause beneficial arthropods are eliminated. To minimize this potential problem ,insecticide applications should be used judiciously and combined with non-chemical control tactics. Furthermore, distinct classes of chemical compounds should be rotated at least every other spray. Distinct classes of insecticide include the pyrethroids (Ambush, Asana, Danitol, Karate, etc.), organo-phosphates (Orthene, Monitor, Lorsban) ,carbamates (Vydate) ,chlorinated hydrocarbons (Thiodan), insect growth regulators (Applaud, fenoxicarb), oils, and soaps and detergents. Resistance to soaps and oils is unlikely to ever develop, so these materials should be used as much as possible. The insecticides mentioned in this section may not be recommend on labels for use in your area or for your crop.   Read the insecticide label before applying any insecticide.

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Natural Control of Whitefly :

Whiteflies are controlled by predatory insects such as green lacewing or coccinelid larvae; by parasitic wasps such as Encarsia or Eretmocerus species; by mechanical injury; desiccation; fungal diseases such as Beauvaria, Paecilomyces or Verticillium species;   natural enemies in field situations. Parasitic wasps usually are more effective at low pest population densities, whereas predators are more effectiveat high population densities .However ,parasitism is often more responsive to changes in host populations and therefore more  able to regulate these populations at some equilibrium level. Parasitism can be quantified by counting the number of empty whitefly pupal cases with a circular exit hole (created by the emerging adult wasp) rather than a "T" shaped split  (created by the normal adult whitefly emergence). The ability of naturally occurring parasites and predators to reduce whitefly populations to low levels in unsprayed weeds and crops has been demonstrated in Florida and Texas. Such is not yet the case in the desert regions of California and Arizona where the parasites and their refuge areas are less abundant. Numbers and activity of whitefly parasites and predators can be encouraged by avoiding broad-spectrum insecticides, planting of refuge crops, and augmentative releases. Whitefly mortality from pathogenic fungi often reach high levels in greenhouses where relative humidity  is constantly high and spores naturally accumulate. Pathogenic fungi can be applied as a spray treatment and are  effective at any population density .Insect pathogens used for whitefly control must be applied with good coverage and   under proper environmental conditions (high relative humidity) to be effective. These products are being tested in commercial production fields and commercial greenhouses, but the economic feasibility of their use has yet to be determined

 Diagnosis: Pupal case spiny (Fig.1), black with a small white fringe, and oval in shape. Eggs on underside of leaves in a  spiral pattern (Fig.2) and becoming black in a few days after deposition.

Economic Importance : Citrus black fly infests over 300 host plants, but citrus is the most suitable for large population development. It damages citrus by sucking nutrients from foliage which weakens the plants . kinnow black flies excrete honeydew on which sooty  molds develop. Sooty molds coat citrus leaves, causing them to appear black. Sooty molds can severely impair leaf respiration and photosynthesis.

The Hibiscus or Pink Mealybug  :

 The hibiscus or pink mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), is a dangerous pest of many plants, trees, and shrubs. It infests hibiscus, citrus and Mango trees. t is now a very serious pest of Kinnow in Multan agriculture area. Description and Life Cycle This pest is also known as  grape mealybug If left undisturbed, It will grow into large masses of white waxy coverings on fruiting structures ,branches, , leaves, and even whole plants, including large trees. Mealybugs are about one-eighth inch (3 mm) long. Female bodies are pink in color with a white waxy covering. They are wingless and appear as ovoid shapes covered by a mass of white mealy wax. Males have a pair of wings and two long waxy tails and are capable of flight. Reproduction is very fast.  If the climate is cool , the pest overwinters in the soil or on the host plant, either in the egg stage or as an adult.Newly hatched move very fast toward tender growing parts . The nymphal stages may last for as long as 30 days.  Female lays eggs in white wax  in clusters on the twigs, branches, and bark of the kinnow plant, and also on the plant's leaves and terminal ends. Eggs are  orange in color but turn pink on maturity. After 3 and 9 days. Eggs are minute 0.3 to 0.4 mm in length and number as many as 300 to 600 eggs per sack. In its egg stage, the hibiscus mealybug disperses most easily by wind. Wingless crawlers, nymphs, and females have been known to travel short distances over the ground to get to other host plants in adjoining fields. The hibiscus mealybug  live for about 30 days. Under good condiction thy have 15 generations a year. During feeding on plant thy injects into the plant a toxic saliva that results in malformed leaf and shoot growth, stunting, and occasional death. Leaves show a characteristic curling, similar to damage caused by viruses. Heavily infested plants have shortened internodes leading to resetting or a "bunchy top" appearance. A heavy, black, sooty mold may develop on an infested plant's leaves and stems as a result of the mealybug's heavy honey-dew secretions. the hibiscus mealybug was a major pest only in India  The worst effect I noted was in year 2003 on my 8 acres  kinnows trees where lot of  trees have been killed and whole kinnow area are under threat of extinction. Recognizeing pest.1.Unopened flowers which often shrivel and die 2.Bunched and unopened leaves 3.Crinkled or twisted leaves and shoots 4.Distorted or bushy shoots 5.White fluffy mass on buds, stems, fruit and roots  6.Distorted or bushy shoots7.White fluffy mass on buds, stems, fruit and roots 8.Presence of honeydew9. black sooty mold and ants .Try to delay spray as Pesticides will kill the biocontrol insects used to attack mealybug.Citrus mealybug is controlled most effectively with pesticides during early stages before protective wax secretions and sooty mold form. Monitoring  must be concerned with identification and quantitative assessment of first and second stage larvae. Mature mealybugs are highly resistant to contact pesticides as it is nt easily  penetrate the heavy wax layers.Some of the natural enemies are  including the coccinellid predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and the parasite Anagyrus kamali.

  Citrus Canker :    All of the agricultural pests and diseases that threaten citrus crops, citrus canker may be one of the most devastating. Citrus canker is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pathovar citri.  An infestation can destroy entire crops, but the disease poses no health risk to humans or animals. Severe infection may produce a variety of effects, including defoliation, dieback, severely blemished fruit, reduced fruit quality, and premature fruit drop. Citrus canker symptoms appear on the fruit, leaves, and twigs of infected plants, and typically consist of small,round, blister like formations called lesions. Lesions usually become apparent about 7 to 14 days after infection. As the lesions mature, the epidermis or outer layer of tissue ruptures, producing a craterlike spot lined with tanþcolored tissue that is usually surrounded by an oily, water-soaked margin and a yellow ring that looks like a halo. On fruit, the lesions appear scab like or corky. On leaves, old lesions sometimes fall out, leaving behind a scattering of round holesLike most bacterial plant diseases, citrus canker is greatly influenced by temperature and moisture conditions. Like most bacterial plant diseases, citrus canker is greatly influenced by temperature and moisture conditions. The disease is most likely to develop when heavy rains occur during a period when the mean temperature is greater than 68F to 20cCitrus canker spreads swiftly over short distances by wind driven rain, flooding, air currents, insects, birds, and human movement within groves. Overhead irrigation may also play a role in spreading the bacteria. Movement of infected plants, seedlings, preparative material, and fruit is the primary means of spreading the canker pathogen over larger distances. Contaminated clothing, tools, packing boxes, and other items associated with harvesting and post harvest handling of fruit are also potential sources of infection. Canker bacteria survive and multiply primarily in naturally occurring lesions. Bacteria may also survive in crevices in the bark tissues of citrus trees. Bacterial populations appear to decline rapidly in soil. It has been suggested that the bacterium  may survive at low population levels on citrus hosts without symptoms developing, and it may also survive for short periods of time on some weeds and grasses. Neither of these survival mechanisms has been proven, however.

Identification and Control In countries where citrus canker is an established, ongoing problem, control of the disease is primarily achieved through a combination of tactics, including the production and use of disease-resistant plant varieties, use of protective sprays, and phytosanitary measures (use of certified nursery stock). Outbreaks of citrus canker may also be reduced when  wind break sere constructed in windy areas. When environmental conditions are favorable for the spread of the disease, chemical control measures are not entirely effective. However, materials containing copper (bordeaux mixture, copper hydroxide, basic copper chloride, copper oxychloride, and tribasic copper sulfate) are the most effective bacterial sprays for protecting leaves and fruit. These materials can reduce the incidence of disease, but they will not eliminate established infections. Extensive use of copper may also cause phytotoxicity problems in treated groves. Pruning infected shoots or plant parts during late summer and autumn can reduce the risk of infection the following spring. Defoliation of canker-affected trees can also further reduce infection risk. In the United States, quarantining areas affected by citrus canker is still practical .Eradication of infected and adjacent trees is the most effective means of protecting commercial citrus from the disease. Once positively identified, diseased trees in commercial groves are uprooted, placed in a pile and burned. Surrounding disease-free trees are destroyed as well, as an added precaution. In residential areas, diseased trees and surrounding, exposed trees are cut down or removed. Areas where trees have been destroyed must be kept free of citrus sprouts and seedlings. Movement of citrus fruit budwood and other plant parts is prohibited from property on or adjacent to sites where infected plants are located. All clothing ,tools, and equipment used in infested areas must be properly disinfected. Kinnow at about 4 Degree Centigrade can retain it’s freshness until 2 months. 

Storage conditions: for Kinnow  Short term temperature (oC)5.Temperature range (oC)0 - 9 Relative humidity range (%)85 - 90 Storage time3 - 16 wk

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